Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that primarily affects the lungs and airways, leading to symptoms similar to the common cold. First identified in 2001, HMPV has become a subject of increasing concern due to its ability to cause serious respiratory illnesses, particularly in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
While most infections are mild, HMPV can lead to more severe conditions such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis, especially in vulnerable populations. With recent surges in cases across several countries, it’s essential to understand the symptoms, transmission, and current situation of HMPV in 2025.
What are the Symptoms of HMPV?
HMPV symptoms closely resemble those of other respiratory infections. The most common symptoms include:
- Coughing
- Runny or stuffy nose
- Fever
- Wheezing
- Sore throat
- Shortness of breath
The severity of symptoms can range from mild to severe, and while most individuals recover without requiring hospitalization, vulnerable groups such as infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems may experience complications.
Transmission of HMPV
HMPV is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face, particularly the eyes, nose, or mouth. The virus is highly contagious, making it important for individuals to practice preventive measures.
Preventive measures include:
- Frequent handwashing
- Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
- Covering coughs and sneezes
- Staying home when feeling unwell
Global Impact of HMPV: Cases by Country
As of 2025, HMPV has spread across multiple countries, with varying numbers of reported cases. Here’s a look at some of the most affected countries and the reported cases, country-wise, for the past few years.
1. China – Surge in HMPV Cases in 2024
China has experienced a significant increase in HMPV cases in 2024, particularly affecting children under 14. The country’s hospitals reported an overwhelming number of emergency room visits due to respiratory illnesses. The Chinese Center for Disease Control (CDC) has not provided a specific number of cases but has confirmed that HMPV is circulating actively within the country.
2. India – 7 Cases in Early 2025
India reported a total of 7 confirmed cases of HMPV as of January 7, 2025. The cases were detected in Bengaluru, Karnataka, involving infants aged 3 months and 8 months. Subsequent cases have been reported in other regions, including Nagpur, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. Health authorities are closely monitoring the situation.
3. Malaysia – 327 Cases in 2024
In Malaysia, there were 327 reported cases of HMPV in 2024, a notable increase from 225 cases in 2023. The Ministry of Health has confirmed that the virus has been present in the country for years and that the increase in cases is not unexpected during respiratory virus seasons.
4. Kazakhstan – 30 Cases in 2024
Kazakhstan reported 30 cases of HMPV in 2024. Although the number of cases remains relatively low, health officials are vigilant, emphasizing the importance of monitoring respiratory illnesses in the region.
5. Pakistan – 21 Cases in 2015
Pakistan has historically reported 21 confirmed cases of HMPV, with the most significant outbreak recorded in 2015 at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS). While there have been no major outbreaks reported recently, health authorities continue to monitor the situation, particularly in light of surges in neighboring countries.
Prevention and Treatment of HMPV
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for HMPV infections. Treatment typically focuses on symptom relief and supporting respiratory function. In severe cases, particularly those involving pneumonia or bronchiolitis, hospitalization may be required.
Preventive measures are essential in controlling the spread of the virus. Regular handwashing, wearing masks, and staying home when sick can significantly reduce the risk of transmission.
Conclusion
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant global concern due to its ability to cause respiratory illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. While it typically causes mild symptoms, there has been a notable surge in cases across countries such as China, India, Malaysia, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan. As the virus continues to circulate in 2025, it is crucial for individuals and health authorities to take preventive measures to minimize the spread.
